La tiranía de las causas justas

456 comentarios / Columnas /

Bogotá, octubre 21 de 2018

Hernando Manuel Canchila Ramos,  campesino de Mundo Nuevo, Córdoba, compró en 1991 -hace 27 años- una parcela de 12 hectáreas a Calixto Jaramillo, antiguo invasor beneficiario del Incora. Para ello, entregó $400.000 pesos, asumió la deuda de su antecesor con la Caja Agraria y el Incora avaló la negociación a través de autorización de su junta directiva.

En 1993 el señor Canchila se vió obligado a vender 7 de las 12 hectáreas, para poder saldar la deuda de su antecesor y durante 27 años vivió con su mujer y sus seis hijos -uno de ellos discapacitado- en su parcela, sembrando maíz, plátano, arroz y su esposa criando gallinas y cerdos para su diario vivir.

Este campesino humilde vio perturbada su tranquilidad un día en el año 2014, cuando encontró un papel pegado en un árbol de su predio con el que le notificaban que su parcela estaba siendo reclamada por despojo.

Para sorpresa suya, la antigua compañera del señor Calixto Jaramillo, Elizabeth Pacheco, había declarado ante la Unidad de Restitución de Tierras, que su esposo había sido desaparecido en el año 1997 por un grupo armado denominado “los mochacabezas”, en compañía del mismo Canchila.

Este campesino, con escasos grados de primaria, se vió obligado a desplegar labores de policía judicial y verificar la información de la señora Elizabeth Pacheco, actividad que nunca hizo la URT.

En efecto, el presunto desaparecido fue encontrado en un barrio de Sincelejo el 12 de mayo de 2015, en una hamaca de su casa, donde le narró a Canchila que una vez había vendido la parcela, se había ido a vivir a Sincelejo con una vecina.

Canchila le pidió que se tomaran una foto con el periódico de la fecha y le pidió una declaración extrajuicio en notaría, para aportarlos ante el juez de restitución de tierras, a través de defensor público.

De nada valió este esfuerzo por demostrar su inocencia y el derecho a su legítima propiedad. El Tribunal de restitución de tierras de Antioquia, declaró a la señora Pacheco como “cónyuge supérstite” y ordenó la restitución del predio, sin indemnización ni compensación.

Desde esa fecha a hoy, su vida ha sido un calvario, esperando cada noche que el dia siguiente amanezca con la  amenaza de la presencia del Estado, con un juez acompañado de multitud de policías, para efectuar su desalojo.

Gracias a la intervención de una organización humanitaria, Canchila logró, a través de tutela, ser reconocido como “segundo ocupante” por parte de la  Corte Constitucional, para no ser echado a la calle a vivir con su familia como indigente, sino tenido en cuenta para una propiedad en condiciones similares.

No es ética,  ni jurídicamente aceptable, que hoy en Colombia la transicionalidad de una Ley sea excusa para no hacer una reforma que evite que en su aplicación, se vulneren derechos fundamentales de terceros y se haga daño a sus ciudadanos; menos a comunidades que gozan de especial protección constitucional y que en su inmensa mayoría, son también víctimas del conflicto.

Es un objetivo irrenunciable de cualquier estado de derecho devolverle la tierra a los despojados por la violencia de los últimos 60 años. Pero no es óbice para generar nuevos despojos contra quienes nada tuvieron que ver con la violencia armada.

Todas las historias recogidas, región por región, tienen similares características: Compras realizadas por campesinos -en su mayoría víctimas- a parceleros beneficiarios del antiguo Incora; todas con un trasfondo dramático y con un común denominador que aterra por la manipulación que han ejercido sectores que no fundan sus actuaciones en la honestidad. Alrededor de 40 víctimas de esta ley, contaron ante la Comisión Primera del Senado la semana pasada, su drama personal. Todos superan lo imaginable, por la recurrente injusticia que los rodea.

La Corte Constitucional ha exigido adecuar la norma para superar los yerros. Es imperiosa la necesidad de hacerlo y esperamos que los congresistas comprendan que exigir garantías para todos, los transicionales y los ordinarios, no significa desconocer víctimas reclamantes en su derecho a recuperar lo arrebatado.

Los derechos humanos no son modulables y la realidad rural es distinta a la que pretendían encontrar quienes diseñaron la norma.  Nos esperan señalamientos,  tergiversaciones y las etiquetas de siempre. Es el precio de enfrentar la tiranía de las causas justas.

(La tiranía de las causas justas – Olavo de Carvalho)

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456 comentarios en “La tiranía de las causas justas”

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